Category Archives: Historical / Scientific facts

The purpose of this category is to rewrite the TRUE & AUTHENTIC World & Indian History without any Pride or Prejudice towards any individual or community or country or religion. Also the purpose of this category is to explore the Sciences behind different Customs & Traditions, Rituals & Followings, Mythology & Scriptures.

Spiritual existence of RAMAYANA !!

*R_A_M_A_Y_A_N_A*

‘ *Ra* ’ means *light*, ‘ *Ma* ’ means *within me*, *in my heart*.

So,

*Rama* means the *Light Within Me*..

*Rama* was born to *Dasharath & Kousalya*.

*Dasharath* means ‘ *10 Chariots* ’..

The ten chariots symbolize the *5 sense organs*( *Gnanendriya* ) & *5 organs of action*( *Karmendriya* ) ..

*Kousalya* means ‘ *Skill* ’..

*The skillful rider of the 10 chariots can give birth to Ram*..

When the 10 chariots are used skillfully,

*Radiance* is born within..

*Rama* was born in *Ayodhya*.

*Ayodhya* means ‘ *a place where no war can happen* ’..

When There Is No Conflict In Our Mind, Then The Radiance Can Dawn..

The *Ramayana* is not just a story which happened long ago..

It has a *philosophical*, *spiritual significance* and a *deep truth* in it..

It is said that the *Ramayana is happening in our Own Body*.

Our *Soul* is *Rama*,

Our *Mind* is *Sita*,

Our *Breath* or *Life-Force* ( *Prana*) is *Hanuman*,

Our *Awareness* is *Laxmana* and

Our *Ego* is *Ravana*..

When the *Mind* (Sita),is stolen by the *Ego* (Ravana), then the *Soul* (Rama) gets *Restless*..

Now the *SOUL* (Rama) cannot reach the *Mind* (Sita) on its own..

It has to take the help of the *Breath – the Prana* (Hanuman) by Being In *Awareness*(Laxmana)

With the help of the *Prana* (Hanuman), & *Awareness*(Laxmana),

The *Mind* (Sita) got reunited with The *Soul* (Rama) and The *Ego* (Ravana) *died/ vanished*..

*In reality Ramayana is an eternal phenomenon happening all the time*..🙏🏻

Demystifying Kali !!

De-mystifying Kali

By Nithin Sridhar

Published in Living Wise Project

The name Kali which is actually pronounced as “kaali” is taken from the root word “kaala” which can either mean time or darkness. Time denotes motion as time is always in motion. Time has no beginning. It is always changing. In fact, the whole universe and all its objects are always in motion, driven by time. The objects take birth, grow in size, decay and finally die. This whole process is driven by time. And Kali is one who is the essence of time, who is time herself.

Therefore, it is Kali who creates, controls and destroys the universe. She is called as “Adya-the oldest or the first” who is the source of all changes, all manifestations. The other meaning of the term i.e. “darkness” or “black”, also denotes the same meaning.

Just as the colour black denotes an absorption of all colours in science, Kali represents a state wherein the whole universe lies absorbed in an unmanifested seed state (also called as Mula-prakriti). Therefore, as the embodiment of time, she is the creator and sustainer of the universe, and as an embodiment of darkness, she denotes the dissolution of the universe.

She can be considered as equivalent to Samkhyan Prakriti and Vedantic Maya. Therefore, her name or her colour which is black, does not denote that she is a “monster” as many Western interpretations imply.

Now coming to her iconographic details, she is shown as having her tongue lolling out with blood dripping from her mouth. She is usually depicted as having four hands, with one holding a sword, another a severed head, the other two hands are in the mudras of granting blessings and grant fearlessness, or sometimes hold objects like lotus or a bowl. She is naked with dishevelled hair and is usually shown in the backdrop of a samshan (cremation ground). She wears a garland of skulls around her neck and a skirt made of severed hands.

Now, let us look at what these means. A garment is a covering draped on the body. The whole cosmos can be understood as the cosmic body of Kali. There is nothing outside it. Therefore she is without a garment, without a covering. Hence, she is naked. A garment can also represent the limitation of “rupa/form”. The manifestation of various objects is nothing but a manifestation of nama (name) and rupa (form). But, Kali being the unmanifested source has no rupa and hence is naked. The garment may also denote the three gunas i.e. Sattva, Rajas and Tamas, that is worn by Atman (Self) to become manifest as universe. Kali who is non-different from Atman in its absolute state, is without the gunas and hence naked. Therefore, there is no sexuality involved in her depiction as being naked; this is but another common misinterpretation.

The blood dripping from her mouth and her apparent blood-lust depicts a very specific spiritual process of “rakta-shuddi”, the purification of the blood. Blood is the most important carrier of the prana (vital force) in the physical body. The purification of the prana and hence of the blood is very important in Kundalini yoga. Goddess Kali is the one who purifies the prana. Her drinking of blood denotes this purification of blood and vital force. This drinking of blood can also mean the absorption of the individual vital forces into herself. That is, she liberates a person from bondage to physical body and helps him to merge his subtle body into hers thereby attaining spiritual union with her.

The severed head indicates the ego of the individuals that is afflicted with lust, anger, delusion and other passions of the mind. The sword is used to cut this unpurified ego. Goddess Kali is the one who grants purification of the mind by cutting off the limited ego that is afflicted with mental passions called “arishdvarga”. The hands showing the granting of boons and a sign of fearlessness needs no further explanation.

The severed hands represents karmas or actions. Hands are one of the organs of actions and hence is used as a symbol for karmas. She wears a skirt of severed hands, because it is she alone who is able to severe our karmas, and make us free of their bondage. She helps the spiritual practitioners to move towards moksha (liberation), by cutting of their karmas one by one.

The severed heads are sometimes depicted as being 51 in number that depict the 51 letters of Sanskrit and hence the whole domain of speech and knowledge. The garland of skulls may also denote that a person has to undergo hundreds of lives in various bodies before he could attain moksha. The dishevelled hair denote that she is not bound by the rules of human society.

She is usually depicted as having one of her legs on the chest of Lord Shiva who lies on the ground in a static state. This represents the Purusha–Prakriti aspect of Samkhya. Shiva is static absolute Brahman, Kali is the power of this Brahman to have motion. Therefore, Shiva is lying without movement and Kali is standing or dancing on him.

In some depictions, especially with respect to forms like Chinnamasta, the Shakti is shown as being in a sexual union with Shiva who is lying static on the ground. The imagery is a direct depiction of the cosmic union of Purusha and Prakriti. The fact that Brahman and his power are non-different is being depicted in this imagery. The sexual union being the physical imitation of the cosmic union, the imagery aims to highlight the cosmic and spiritual union through sexual union. Further, in certain tantrika sadhanas (tantrika practices), the sexual energy is used to attain a spiritual union.

But, these nuances are either missed or deliberately ignored in the western commentary on Hinduism. Their understanding and interpretation of Goddess Kali is completely alien to Hindu world-view. This freedom of expression without concepts like blasphemy is being misused by certain quarters of western academia, media, and entertainment industry. The tantrika philosophy and spirituality is dismissed as superstition and in their place, perverse, incorrect, and non-existent meanings are being attached to Goddess Kali and other Hindu deities and symbols. But, all is not lost.

Read more:

http://bit.ly/2zzbVMq

Image:

The Goddess Kali

By Richard B. Godfrey (England, born 1728)

India, West Bengal, Kolkata (Calcutta) (?), 1770

Credit: Museum Associates, dba Los Angeles County Museum of Art

Raghav-Yadviyam Kavya

" दक्षिण का एक ग्रन्थ "

क्या ऐसा संभव है कि जब आप किताब को सीधा पढ़े तो रामायण की कथा पढ़ी जाए और जब उसी किताब में लिखे शब्दों को उल्टा करके पढ़े
तो कृष्ण भागवत की कथा सुनाई दे।

जी हां, कांचीपुरम के 17वीं शदी के कवि वेंकटाध्वरि रचित ग्रन्थ "राघवयादवीयम्" ऐसा ही एक अद्भुत ग्रन्थ है।

इस ग्रन्थ को
‘अनुलोम-विलोम काव्य’ भी कहा जाता है। पूरे ग्रन्थ में केवल 30 श्लोक हैं। इन श्लोकों को सीधे-सीधे
पढ़ते जाएँ, तो रामकथा बनती है और
विपरीत (उल्टा) क्रम में पढ़ने पर कृष्णकथा। इस प्रकार हैं तो केवल 30 श्लोक, लेकिन कृष्णकथा के भी 30 श्लोक जोड़ लिए जाएँ तो बनते हैं 60 श्लोक।

पुस्तक के नाम से भी यह प्रदर्शित होता है, राघव (राम) + यादव (कृष्ण) के चरित को बताने वाली गाथा है ~ "राघवयादवीयम।"

उदाहरण के तौर पर पुस्तक का पहला श्लोक हैः

वंदेऽहं देवं तं श्रीतं रन्तारं कालं भासा यः ।
रामो रामाधीराप्यागो लीलामारायोध्ये वासे ॥ १॥

अर्थातः
मैं उन भगवान श्रीराम के चरणों में प्रणाम करता हूं, जो
जिनके ह्रदय में सीताजी रहती है तथा जिन्होंने अपनी पत्नी सीता के लिए सहयाद्री की पहाड़ियों से होते हुए लंका जाकर रावण का वध किया तथा वनवास पूरा कर अयोध्या वापिस लौटे।

विलोमम्:

सेवाध्येयो रामालाली गोप्याराधी भारामोराः ।
यस्साभालंकारं तारं तं श्रीतं वन्देऽहं देवम् ॥ १॥

अर्थातः
मैं रूक्मिणी तथा गोपियों के पूज्य भगवान श्रीकृष्ण के
चरणों में प्रणाम करता हूं, जो सदा ही मां लक्ष्मी के साथ
विराजमान है तथा जिनकी शोभा समस्त जवाहरातों की शोभा हर लेती है।

" राघवयादवीयम" के ये 60 संस्कृत श्लोक इस प्रकार हैं:-

राघवयादवीयम् रामस्तोत्राणि
वंदेऽहं देवं तं श्रीतं रन्तारं कालं भासा यः ।
रामो रामाधीराप्यागो लीलामारायोध्ये वासे ॥ १॥

विलोमम्:
सेवाध्येयो रामालाली गोप्याराधी भारामोराः ।
यस्साभालंकारं तारं तं श्रीतं वन्देऽहं देवम् ॥ १॥

साकेताख्या ज्यायामासीद्याविप्रादीप्तार्याधारा ।
पूराजीतादेवाद्याविश्वासाग्र्यासावाशारावा ॥ २॥

विलोमम्:
वाराशावासाग्र्या साश्वाविद्यावादेताजीरापूः ।
राधार्यप्ता दीप्राविद्यासीमायाज्याख्याताकेसा ॥ २॥

कामभारस्स्थलसारश्रीसौधासौघनवापिका ।
सारसारवपीनासरागाकारसुभूरुभूः ॥ ३॥

विलोमम्:
भूरिभूसुरकागारासनापीवरसारसा ।
कापिवानघसौधासौ श्रीरसालस्थभामका ॥ ३॥

रामधामसमानेनमागोरोधनमासताम् ।
नामहामक्षररसं ताराभास्तु न वेद या ॥ ४॥

विलोमम्:
यादवेनस्तुभारातासंररक्षमहामनाः ।
तां समानधरोगोमाननेमासमधामराः ॥ ४॥

यन् गाधेयो योगी रागी वैताने सौम्ये सौख्येसौ ।
तं ख्यातं शीतं स्फीतं भीमानामाश्रीहाता त्रातम् ॥ ५॥

विलोमम्:
तं त्राताहाश्रीमानामाभीतं स्फीत्तं शीतं ख्यातं ।
सौख्ये सौम्येसौ नेता वै गीरागीयो योधेगायन् ॥ ५॥

मारमं सुकुमाराभं रसाजापनृताश्रितं ।
काविरामदलापागोसमावामतरानते ॥ ६॥

विलोमम्:
तेन रातमवामास गोपालादमराविका ।
तं श्रितानृपजासारंभ रामाकुसुमं रमा ॥ ६॥

रामनामा सदा खेदभावे दया-वानतापीनतेजारिपावनते ।
कादिमोदासहातास्वभासारसा-मेसुगोरेणुकागात्रजे भूरुमे ॥ ७॥

विलोमम्:
मेरुभूजेत्रगाकाणुरेगोसुमे-सारसा भास्वताहासदामोदिका ।
तेन वा पारिजातेन पीता नवायादवे भादखेदासमानामरा ॥ ७॥

सारसासमधाताक्षिभूम्नाधामसु सीतया ।
साध्वसाविहरेमेक्षेम्यरमासुरसारहा ॥ ८॥

विलोमम्:
हारसारसुमारम्यक्षेमेरेहविसाध्वसा ।
यातसीसुमधाम्नाभूक्षिताधामससारसा ॥ ८॥

सागसाभरतायेभमाभातामन्युमत्तया ।
सात्रमध्यमयातापेपोतायाधिगतारसा ॥ ९॥

विलोमम्:
सारतागधियातापोपेतायामध्यमत्रसा ।
यात्तमन्युमताभामा भयेतारभसागसा ॥ ९॥

तानवादपकोमाभारामेकाननदाससा ।
यालतावृद्धसेवाकाकैकेयीमहदाहह ॥ १०॥

विलोमम्:
हहदाहमयीकेकैकावासेद्ध्वृतालया ।
सासदाननकामेराभामाकोपदवानता ॥ १०॥

वरमानदसत्यासह्रीतपित्रादरादहो ।
भास्वरस्थिरधीरोपहारोरावनगाम्यसौ ॥ ११॥

विलोमम्:
सौम्यगानवरारोहापरोधीरस्स्थिरस्वभाः ।
होदरादत्रापितह्रीसत्यासदनमारवा ॥ ११॥

यानयानघधीतादा रसायास्तनयादवे ।
सागताहिवियाताह्रीसतापानकिलोनभा ॥ १२॥

विलोमम्:
भानलोकिनपातासह्रीतायाविहितागसा ।
वेदयानस्तयासारदाताधीघनयानया ॥ १२॥

रागिराधुतिगर्वादारदाहोमहसाहह ।
यानगातभरद्वाजमायासीदमगाहिनः ॥ १३॥

विलोमम्:
नोहिगामदसीयामाजद्वारभतगानया ।
हह साहमहोदारदार्वागतिधुरागिरा ॥ १३॥

यातुराजिदभाभारं द्यां वमारुतगन्धगम् ।
सोगमारपदं यक्षतुंगाभोनघयात्रया ॥ १४॥

विलोमम्:
यात्रयाघनभोगातुं क्षयदं परमागसः ।
गन्धगंतरुमावद्यं रंभाभादजिरा तु या ॥ १४॥

दण्डकां प्रदमोराजाल्याहतामयकारिहा ।
ससमानवतानेनोभोग्याभोनतदासन ॥ १५॥

विलोमम्:
नसदातनभोग्याभो नोनेतावनमास सः ।
हारिकायमताहल्याजारामोदप्रकाण्डदम् ॥ १५॥

सोरमारदनज्ञानोवेदेराकण्ठकुंभजम् ।
तं द्रुसारपटोनागानानादोषविराधहा ॥ १६॥

विलोमम्:
हाधराविषदोनानागानाटोपरसाद्रुतम् ।
जम्भकुण्ठकरादेवेनोज्ञानदरमारसः ॥ १६॥

सागमाकरपाताहाकंकेनावनतोहिसः ।
न समानर्दमारामालंकाराजस्वसा रतम् ॥ १७ विलोमम्:
तं रसास्वजराकालंमारामार्दनमासन ।
सहितोनवनाकेकं हातापारकमागसा ॥ १७॥

तां स गोरमदोश्रीदो विग्रामसदरोतत ।
वैरमासपलाहारा विनासा रविवंशके ॥ १८॥

विलोमम्:
केशवं विरसानाविराहालापसमारवैः ।
ततरोदसमग्राविदोश्रीदोमरगोसताम् ॥ १८॥

गोद्युगोमस्वमायोभूदश्रीगखरसेनया ।
सहसाहवधारोविकलोराजदरातिहा ॥ १९॥

विलोमम्:
हातिरादजरालोकविरोधावहसाहस ।
यानसेरखगश्रीद भूयोमास्वमगोद्युगः ॥ १९॥

हतपापचयेहेयो लंकेशोयमसारधीः ।
राजिराविरतेरापोहाहाहंग्रहमारघः ॥ २०॥

विलोमम्:
घोरमाहग्रहंहाहापोरातेरविराजिराः ।
धीरसामयशोकेलं यो हेये च पपात ह ॥ २०॥

ताटकेयलवादेनोहारीहारिगिरासमः ।

हासहायजनासीतानाप्तेनादमनाभुवि ॥ २१॥

विलोमम्:
विभुनामदनाप्तेनातासीनाजयहासहा ।
ससरागिरिहारीहानोदेवालयकेटता ॥ २१॥

भारमाकुदशाकेनाशराधीकुहकेनहा ।
चारुधीवनपालोक्या वैदेहीमहिताहृता ॥ २२॥

विलोमम्:
ताहृताहिमहीदेव्यैक्यालोपानवधीरुचा ।
हानकेहकुधीराशानाकेशादकुमारभाः ॥ २२॥

हारितोयदभोरामावियोगेनघवायुजः ।
तंरुमामहितोपेतामोदोसारज्ञरामयः ॥ २३॥

विलोमम्:
योमराज्ञरसादोमोतापेतोहिममारुतम् ।
जोयुवाघनगेयोविमाराभोदयतोरिहा ॥ २३॥

भानुभानुतभावामासदामोदपरोहतं ।
तंहतामरसाभक्षोतिराताकृतवासविम् ॥ २४॥

विलोमम्:
विंसवातकृतारातिक्षोभासारमताहतं ।
तं हरोपदमोदासमावाभातनुभानुभाः ॥ २४॥

हंसजारुद्धबलजापरोदारसुभाजिनि ।
राजिरावणरक्षोरविघातायरमारयम् ॥ २५॥

विलोमम्:
यं रमारयताघाविरक्षोरणवराजिरा ।
निजभासुरदारोपजालबद्धरुजासहम् ॥ २५॥

सागरातिगमाभातिनाकेशोसुरमासहः ।
तंसमारुतजंगोप्ताभादासाद्यगतोगजम् ॥ २६॥

विलोमम्:
जंगतोगद्यसादाभाप्तागोजंतरुमासतं ।
हस्समारसुशोकेनातिभामागतिरागसा ॥ २६॥

वीरवानरसेनस्य त्राताभादवता हि सः ।
तोयधावरिगोयादस्ययतोनवसेतुना ॥ २७॥

विलोमम्
नातुसेवनतोयस्यदयागोरिवधायतः ।
सहितावदभातात्रास्यनसेरनवारवी ॥ २७॥

हारिसाहसलंकेनासुभेदीमहितोहिसः ।
चारुभूतनुजोरामोरमाराधयदार्तिहा ॥ २८॥

विलोमम्
हार्तिदायधरामारमोराजोनुतभूरुचा ।
सहितोहिमदीभेसुनाकेलंसहसारिहा ॥ २८॥

नालिकेरसुभाकारागारासौसुरसापिका ।
रावणारिक्षमेरापूराभेजे हि ननामुना ॥ २९॥

विलोमम्:
नामुनानहिजेभेरापूरामेक्षरिणावरा ।
कापिसारसुसौरागाराकाभासुरकेलिना ॥ २९॥

साग्र्यतामरसागारामक्षामाघनभारगौः ॥
निजदेपरजित्यास श्रीरामे सुगराजभा ॥ ३०॥

विलोमम्:
भाजरागसुमेराश्रीसत्याजिरपदेजनि ।स
गौरभानघमाक्षामरागासारमताग्र्यसा ॥ ३०॥

॥ इति श्रीवेङ्कटाध्वरि कृतं श्री ।।

कृपया अपना थोड़ा सा कीमती वक्त निकाले और उपरोक्त श्लोको को गौर से अवलोकन करें की दुनिया में कहीं भी ऐसा नही पाया गया ग्रंथ है ।

शत् शत् प्रणाम ऐसे रचनाकार को। 🙏

Connection between diff Body parts & Planets !!

Did you know that every finger in your hand is connected to a planet? ~ Sri Sri 
Every finger in your hand is connected to a planet. The thumb is connected to Mars. Mars stays alone.

Index finger is connected to Jupiter (Jupiter shows the path, it is the teacher). When you want to show something, you show using the index finger, this is Jupiter. The middle finger is connected to Saturn; Saturn is the servant. The ring finger is connected to the Sun; the Sun is the king. And who owns the jewels? The king, and so you put rings only on the ring finger. That’s why it’s called the ring finger. The little finger is connected to Mercury. So when you do chin mudra, what is happening? The index finger (Jupiter) and the thumb (Mars) are coming together, that is wisdom and power.
Why is the thumb connected to Mars? It is because whenever you win, what do you do? You put your thumbs up. Thumbs up is a sign of victory. When you lose what do you do? You put your thumbs down. So these gestures are so inbuilt in us.
Different planets affect different parts of your body. Your teeth is connected to Saturn. Your eyes are connected to the Sun, your cheeks are connected to Venus, forehead to Mercury, nose to Jupiter. I mean this as the connection of microcosm with the macrocosm. It is so fascinating!
Similarly, moods depend on the moon. A mood does not stay for more than two and a quarter day. That is the amount of time the moon is at one place. The moment the moon moves from that place; your mood also changes. And when the moon and Saturn combine, people get depressed. So these emotions, these feelings, they come and they go away. Nothing is permanent. No planet is permanently stationary in one place. They all move. But when you identify yourself with any one of these emotions, you get stuck. That’s when you don’t move. That is when it infiltrates into your body and you get sick, and all such things happen. Isn’t it fascinating? So what is the way? How to move on from that?
On a cloudy day, when a flight takes off, what does it do? It goes above the clouds, and then there is sunshine. That is what the spiritual practices are. They move us away from the Chit Akasha(the space of the mind) to the Chida Akasha(space of pure consciousness). We move beyond all the emotions.
9 planets moving through the 12 constellations brings 108 units of change. So to enhance the good effects and to reduce the malefic effects, ‘Om Namah Shivaya’ is chanted 108 times. That uplifts you, uplifts your spirit, and takes you beyond. It connects you to the Chida Akash(space of pure consciousness).

Madhava the Medieval India Mathematical Genius

Madhava of Sangamagrama (c. 1340 – c. 1425), was an Indian mathematician-astronomer from the town of Sangamagrama. His writings were later transmitted to Europe via Jesuit missionaries and traders who were active around the ancient port of Muziris at the time. As a result, it had an influence on later European developments in analysis and calculus.His birth place Sangamagrama is present-day Irinjalakuda near Thrissur, Kerala, India.

He was the first to use infinite series approximations for a range of trigonometric functions, which has been called the “decisive step onward from the finite procedures of ancient mathematics to treat their limit-passage to infinity“.

One of the greatest mathematician-astronomers of the Middle Ages, Madhava made pioneering contributions to the study of infinite series, calculus, trigonometry, geometry, and algebra.
Madhava was born as Irińńaŗappiļļy or Iriññinavaļļi Mādhava . He had written that his house name was related to the Vihar where a plant called “bakuļam” was planted. Bakuļam was locally known as “iraňňi”.

Irinjalakuda was once known as ‘Irińńāţikuţal’. Sangamagrāmam (lit. sangamam = union, grāmam = village) is a rough translation to Sanskrit from Dravidian word ‘Irińńāţikuţal’, which means ‘iru (two) ańńāţi (market) kǖţal (union)’ or the union of two markets.
Madhava provided the creative impulse for the development of a rich mathematical tradition in medieval Kerala. However, most of Madhava’s original work (except a couple of them) is lost. He is referred to in the work of subsequent Kerala mathematicians, particularly in Nilakantha Somayaji’s Tantrasangraha (c. 1500), as the source for several infinite series expansions, including sinθ and arctanθ.

The 16th-century text Mahajyānayana prakāra cites Madhava as the source for several series derivations for π. In Jyeṣṭhadeva’s Yuktibhāṣā (c. 1530), written in Malayalam, these series are presented with proofs in terms of the Taylor series expansions for polynomials like 1/(1+x2), with x = tanθ, etc.
As per the old Indian tradition of starting off new chapters with elementary content, the first four chapters of the Yuktibhasa contain elementary mathematics, such as division, proof of Pythagorean theorem, square root determination, etc.

The radical ideas are not discussed until the sixth chapter on circumference of a circle. Yuktibhasa contains the derivation and proof of the power series for inverse tangent, discovered by Madhava.
In the text, Jyesthadeva describes Madhava’s series in the following manner:

“The first term is the product of the given sine and radius of the desired arc divided by the cosine of the arc. The succeeding terms are obtained by a process of iteration when the first term is repeatedly multiplied by the square of the sine and divided by the square of the cosine. All the terms are then divided by the odd numbers 1, 3, 5, …. The arc is obtained by adding and subtracting respectively the terms of odd rank and those of even rank. It is laid down that the sine of the arc or that of its complement whichever is the smaller should be taken here as the given sine. Otherwise the terms obtained by this above iteration will not tend to the vanishing magnitude.”
This is wrongly attributed to James Gregory, who discovered it three centuries after Madhava.
Madhava laid the foundations for the development of calculus, which were further developed by his successors at the Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics.

(It should be noted that certain ideas of calculus were known to earlier mathematicians.) Madhava also extended some results found in earlier works, including those of Bhāskara II.
Madhava developed some components of calculus such as differentiation, term-by-term integration, iterative methods for solutions of non-linear equations, and the theory that the area under a curve is its integral.
-Arjun Kadya